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Afghan Student Association, 186
Afghanistan
cities bombed in retribution for 9/11, 260–261daunting problems of postBonn era, 275–278, 289dynastic empire under Ahmad Shah, 17, 31–32as family business under Mohammedzais, 63–66independence recognized by GB, world, 114–116mineral wealth, 333–336
modern borders established (1879), 67, 86modernization programs, 70, 104, 155–158as nexus for Islamism, 245
nonaligned during Cold War, 148, 162, 165, 201opposes Pakistan state over Peshawar issue, 159–161reconstruction (see Reconstruction of Afghanistan) Soviet invasion/depopulation/with-drawal, 190–200, 214, 217Taliban takes control of Mujahideen-held provinces, 235–236culture (see Culture of Afghanistan)
Afghanistan in the Course of History(Ghobar), 145Afghanistan Unveiled film, 283–284
Afghans-4-Tomorrow, 291
Afghan–Soviet War, 190–200, 203–209, 214–218, 265Af-Pak policies of Obama, 323–325, 327
Agency for International Development (AID), 149–150Ahad, Abdul, 307
Ahmad Khan. See Ahmad Shah
Ahmad Shah
as young man, early reign, 9–13
as patriarch of patriarchs, 21
sacks India, 13, 31
unites Pushtoons and ethnic groups, 14–15death of, 31–32
Ahmad Shah Baba. See Ahmad Shah
Airports, 153, 170
Akbar (son of Dost Mohammed).
See Akbar Khan, Wazir
Akbar Khan, Wazir
as young man of war, 48–51
as Dost Mohammed’s heir, 60–61, 63
leads Afghan rebellion against British, 53–55death of, 64
Al Qaeda
origins, 246
bombs embassies in Nairobi and Tanzania, 250–252Bush’s perspective, 257
considers airplanes as suicide bombs, 259trains for 9/11 attacks, 260, 267
implications of bin Laden’s death, 329–330Al-Azhar University, 122, 174
Albright, Madeleine, 256
Alcohol consumption, 40, 169, 316
Alexander the Great, 40, 98–99, 333
